BMI Explained: What Your Number Really Means (And Its Limitations)

Body Mass Index is one of the most widely referenced health metrics in the world. It appears on medical charts, fitness apps, and insurance forms. But what does your BMI number actually tell you, and more importantly, what does it leave out? This guide breaks down the basics, the WHO categories, and the real-world limitations you need to know.

What BMI Actually Measures

BMI is a simple ratio of your weight to your height squared. The formula takes your weight in kilograms and divides it by the square of your height in meters. The resulting number places you into one of several categories. It was designed as a quick population-level screening tool, not a diagnostic measure for individuals.

WHO BMI Categories

The Limitations of BMI

BMI cannot distinguish between muscle mass and fat mass. An athlete with significant lean muscle can easily register as overweight or obese on the BMI scale while carrying very low body fat. Similarly, an older adult who has lost muscle mass might fall in the normal range despite having an unhealthy amount of body fat.

• Muscle vs fat — BMI does not account for body composition at all. Two people at the same height and weight can have vastly different health profiles.
• Age and sex — BMI thresholds do not adjust for age-related changes in body composition or differences between men and women.
• Ethnic variation — Health risks can differ at the same BMI across different ethnic groups. Some populations face higher risks at lower thresholds.
• Fat distribution — Where you carry fat matters. Visceral fat around the abdomen is more dangerous than subcutaneous fat, and BMI tells you nothing about distribution.

When BMI Is Still Useful

Despite its limitations, BMI remains a useful starting point for the general population. It is quick to calculate, requires no special equipment, and at the population level, it correlates well with health risk. When combined with other measurements like waist circumference, body fat percentage, and blood work, BMI becomes part of a more complete health picture.

Better Alternatives to Consider

• Body fat percentage — Directly measures how much of your weight is fat vs lean mass.
• Waist-to-hip ratio — Captures fat distribution, which BMI ignores entirely.
• Waist circumference — A simple measurement strongly correlated with visceral fat and metabolic risk.

Disclaimer: This content is for informational purposes only and is not medical advice. Consult a healthcare professional for personalized guidance.